How To Kh

Category: IT Network

Welcome to the IT Network category, your go-to hub for learning networking essentials and advanced techniques. Whether you’re a beginner, student, or professional, this section offers valuable insights into networking concepts, equipment, security, and troubleshooting. Start with network basics like IP addressing, subnets, and the OSI model, building a strong foundation for further learning. Explore networking equipment with guides on routers, switches, and firewalls, and learn how to configure devices for both home and business use. Dive into network security, understanding firewalls, VPNs, and threat protection best practices. For those seeking more advanced knowledge, we cover VLANs, dynamic routing, load balancing, and cloud networking. Master troubleshooting and optimization techniques to resolve issues and improve network performance. Regularly updated with tutorials and news, this category provides everything you need to enhance your networking skills, whether for certifications or real-world applications.

  • How to fix HP Color LaserJet Pro MFP M478fnw, Not print both sides

    How to fix HP Color LaserJet Pro MFP M478fnw, Not print both sides

    You are facing issues with duplex (two-sided) printing on the HP Color LaserJet Pro MFP M478fnw. This occurs even after selecting the option to print on both sides. Let’s work through a few troubleshooting steps to fix that. You can also check these tips. They explain how to copy on both sides of the HP Color LaserJet Pro MFP M283fdw. It is the type of HP Color LaserJet Pro, but a different model.

    This is the step to fix the HP Color LaserJet Pro MFP. It addresses the issue of not printing on both sides. It may be able to help solve your problem. You can try first to see if you can fix it or not.

    ix HP Color LaserJet Pro MFP M478fnw

    1. Check Duplexer Two-Sided Unit

    (Automatic Two-Sided Printing Unit). The HP Color LaserJet Pro MFP M478fnw has a built-in duplexer for automatic two-sided printing. Sometimes, issues can occur if the duplexer is not functioning properly or has become disabled.

    • Check for Paper Jams or Obstructions:
      Open the duplexer at the back of the printer. Ensure there are no paper jams. Also, check for any debris inside. If something is stuck, carefully remove it.
    • Ensure Duplexer is Installed Properly:
      Ensure the duplexer is securely attached to the printer. If it’s loose or not seated properly, the printer won’t be able to print on both sides.
    ix HP Color LaserJet Pro MFP M478fnw

    2. Verify Printer Settings Control Panel

    Verify Printer Settings on the Printer’s Control Panel. You may have selected duplex printing from the computer, but let’s double-check the settings directly on the printer’s control panel.

    • From the Home screen of the printer, tap the Setup icon (gear symbol).
    • Navigate to Printing Setup or Print Settings.
    • Find Duplex Printing and ensure it is set to Automatic.
    • Make sure the Auto Duplex option is turned ON.

    3. Verify Printer Driver Settings

    Verify Printer Driver Settings on the Computer. Sometimes the duplex option doesn’t get passed to the printer correctly. Let’s check your print settings on your computer.

    For Windows:

    • Open the document you want to print.
    • Click File > Print.
    • Select the HP Color LaserJet Pro MFP M478fnw printer.
    • Click on Printer Properties or Preferences.
    • Under the Layout or Finishing tab, ensure Print on both sides or Duplex Printing is enabled.
    • Click OK to save and then try printing again.
    Print on both sides

    For Mac:

    • Open the document you want to print.
    • Go to File > Print.
    • Under the Layout drop-down, ensure Two-Sided is checked.
    • Select the appropriate binding option (usually Long Edge for portrait mode and Short Edge for landscape mode).
    • Try printing again.

    4. Check Paper Size & Orientation

    The paper size and orientation need to be correctly set to allow duplex printing.

    • Ensure the paper is loaded properly in the input tray. For instance, ensure that the stack of paper is not too high and that the paper is positioned correctly.
    • Double-check the paper size being used (e.g., A4, Letter) to ensure it matches your print settings.

    5. Update Printer Firmware

    Firmware issues can sometimes interfere with duplex printing. Let’s make sure your printer’s firmware is up-to-date.

    • Visit the HP Support website.
    • Enter your printer model (HP Color LaserJet Pro MFP M478fnw) and look for the latest firmware version.
    • If a new version is available, follow the instructions on the HP website to update the firmware.

    6. Update Printer Drivers

    Outdated drivers can cause issues with duplex printing.

    • Visit the HP Support website and download the latest drivers for your model.
    • Install the new drivers and restart your computer. Then, try printing again.

    7. Check Printer Queue Stuck Jobs

    Sometimes, a stuck print job can interfere with printing. Ensure there are no pending jobs in the print queue.

    • Go to your Control Panel (Windows) or System Preferences (Mac).
    • Open the Printers & Scanners section.
    • Select your HP Color LaserJet Pro MFP M478fnw and open the Print Queue.
    • Cancel any stuck or pending print jobs.
    • Try printing your document again.

    8. Manual Duplex Printing

    We can do this for (as a Temporary Fix). If nothing else works, you can try manual duplex printing as a workaround:

    • For Windows:
      • In the print dialog, select Print Odd Pages first.
      • After the odd pages are printed, flip the printed pages over and reinsert them into the paper tray.
      • Then, print the Even Pages.
    • For Mac:
      • From the print dialog, select Odd Pages first. Then, flip the pages over and follow the same steps for printing the Even Pages.

    9. Restart Printer and Computer

    Sometimes a simple restart can clear out any issues.

    • Turn off the printer, wait for about 30 seconds, and then turn it back on.
    • Restart your computer as well to ensure any settings are refreshed.

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    These steps should help you resolve the issue with duplex printing on your HP Color LaserJet Pro MFP M478fnw. If it still doesn’t work after following these steps, there might be a hardware issue with the duplexer unit itself. In that case, you may need to contact HP support or a technician for further assistance.

  • What are the PCQ and QoS on the Mikrotik Router?

    What are the PCQ and QoS on the Mikrotik Router?

    Managing internet speed and ensuring fair access across users or devices is a common challenge in any network. MikroTik routers offer powerful tools to handle this through PCQ (Per Connection Queueing) and QoS (Quality of Service) features. Whether you’re running a home network, office, or ISP-grade infrastructure, understanding PCQ and QoS on Mikrotik is crucial.

    What is PCQ in MikroTik?

    It will help you optimize performance. You can also prevent congestion. Let’s break down what these features are, how they work, and how to apply them effectively on a MikroTik router. PCQ (Per Connection Queue) is a special queue type in MikroTik RouterOS. It is designed to evenly distribute available bandwidth among multiple users or connections. This feature is a crucial aspect of using PCQ and QoS on Mikrotik.

    🔹 Key Features of PCQ:

    • Automatically shares bandwidth fairly.
    • Doesn’t require you to define a specific bandwidth for each user.
    • Ideal for environments with many users (e.g., offices, apartments, public Wi-Fi).

    ✅ Example: PCQ in Action

    Goal: Share a 20 Mbps internet connection fairly among all users in the 192.168.88.0/24 subnet reflected in PCQ and QoS on the Mikrotik setup.

    Step 1 – Create PCQ Queue Types:

    /queue type
add name=pcq-download kind=pcq pcq-classifier=dst-address pcq-rate=5M
add name=pcq-upload kind=pcq pcq-classifier=src-address pcq-rate=2M

    Step 2 – Apply a Simple Queue Using PCQ:

    /queue simple
add name="Shared Bandwidth" target=192.168.88.0/24 \
 queue=pcq-upload/pcq-download max-limit=20M/20M

    🎯 Result: The available bandwidth is automatically and fairly divided among all active users.

    What is QoS in MikroTik?

    QoS (Quality of Service) refers to mechanisms used to prioritize certain types of traffic over others. It ensures that high-priority services, like VoIP or video conferencing, receive the necessary bandwidth. Their performance remains stable, even when the network is under heavy load. This is a savvy use of PCQ and QoS on the Mikrotik.

    🔹 QoS Tools in MikroTik:

    • Mangle Rules: To mark different types of traffic.
    • Queue Trees: To apply bandwidth and priority policies.
    • Priority Levels (1–8): 1 is highest, 8 is lowest.

    ✅ Example: QoS in Action

    Goal: Prioritize VoIP traffic over general browsing—another example of employing PCQ and QoS on the Mikrotik.

    Step 1 – Mark VoIP Traffic Using Mangle:

    /ip firewall mangle
add chain=forward protocol=udp port=5060 action=mark-packet \
 new-packet-mark=voip_traffic passthrough=yes comment="Mark VoIP"

    Step 2 – Create a Queue Tree for VoIP with Higher Priority:

    /queue tree
add name="VoIP Priority" parent=global packet-mark=voip_traffic \
 priority=1 max-limit=2M

    🎯 Result: VoIP packets are given top priority on the network, reducing latency and jitter.

    PCQ and QoS are essential tools in MikroTik for creating fair, efficient, and optimized networks. Per Connection Queue helps divide bandwidth evenly among users, while QoS ensures critical services are prioritized. PCQ and QoS on the Mikrotik enhance network performance, whether you’re managing a few devices or a large user base.

    If you’re interested in learning more about MikroTik routers, step-by-step configurations. And advanced network management, be sure to check out more resources and tutorials on [Mikrotik Router]. You go-to source for practical MikroTik knowledge.

    The MikroTik RB4011 is an exceptionally powerful router designed for high-performance networking needs. This router features ten Gigabit Ethernet ports. It also has an SFP+ 10Gbps interface. These features bring unparalleled speed and efficiency to your home or office network. The RB4011 ensures secure and fast data transfer with its IPsec hardware acceleration. This makes it ideal for businesses and tech-savvy users alike.

    Advanced Specifications

    The RB4011 is powered by a robust quad-core Cortex A15 CPU. This is the same processor found in MikroTik’s carrier-grade RB1100AHx4 unit. This powerful CPU, paired with 1GB of RAM, ensures seamless multitasking and efficient handling of heavy-duty network tasks.

    Design and Build Quality

    The MikroTik RB4011 comes in a professional-looking, solid metal enclosure. It has a sleek matte black finish. This makes it not only functional but also aesthetically pleasing. The compact design allows for easy integration into various setups. The included two rackmount ears provide secure installation in a standard 1U rack space.

    Power over Ethernet Capability

    The RB4011 can provide Power over Ethernet (PoE) output on port #10. This is one of its standout features. This allows you to power connected devices without needing additional power cables. This setup makes your network cleaner and more efficient. The PoE input supports passive PoE with a voltage range of 18-57 V. This ensures compatibility with a wide variety of devices.

    Dimensions and Weight

    The MikroTik RB4011 measures 228 x 120 x 30 mm (4.72 x 8.98 x 1.18 inches) and weighs just 1.39 pounds. Its compact size makes it easy to place in tight spaces, while still providing powerful networking capabilities.

    Power Consumption

    With a maximum power consumption of 33 W, the RB4011 is energy-efficient without compromising performance. This makes it a great choice for those looking to minimize their energy footprint while maintaining high-speed internet access.

    Conclusion

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    The MikroTik RB4011 Ethernet 10-Port Gigabit Router (RB4011iGS+RM) is a top-tier networking solution that combines power, efficiency, and advanced features. This router delivers exceptional performance for home use. It is equally effective for small businesses and large enterprises. It ensures that your network can handle the demands of modern technology. The RB4011 has a robust build quality. Its versatile features make it a reliable choice. It is ideal for anyone looking to upgrade their network infrastructure.

    Product Details:

    • Item model number: RB4011IGS+RM
    • ASIN: B07HBW2NTR
    • Date First Available: September 14, 2018
    • Manufacturer: MikroTik
    • Is Discontinued By Manufacturer: No
  • How to Manage Bandwidth on a MikroTik Router

    How to Manage Bandwidth on a MikroTik Router

    To effectively manage bandwidth on a MikroTik Router, it is crucial to maintain a fast, stable, and fair network. This is especially important in environments where multiple users or devices share a single internet connection. MikroTik routers offer robust tools in RouterOS to monitor, limit, and shape traffic using queues.

    Step: Manage Bandwidth MikroTik

    Whether you’re an ISP, office administrator, or home user, this guide will assist you effectively. It will help you manage the bandwidth on a MikroTik Router efficiently. It will guide you through the allocation process step by step.

    ✅ Step 1: Identify Interface IP Ranges

    Before applying bandwidth limits:

    ✅ Step 2: Use Simple Queues

    (Basic Bandwidth Limiting). Example: Limit a single device (IP: 192.168.88.10) to 5 Mbps download and 2 Mbps upload.

    /queue simple add name="Limit_User1" target=192.168.88.10/32 \
 max-limit=5M/2M comment="Limit for User1"

    Tip: Use Winbox to add Simple Queues via Queues > Simple Queues.

    ✅ Step 3: Use Per Connection Queuing

    We Use PCQ For Fair Bandwidth Sharing. To share bandwidth fairly among multiple users, set up PCQ (Per Connection Queueing).

    Step 3.1: Create PCQ Queue Types

    /queue type
add name=pcq-download kind=pcq pcq-classifier=dst-address pcq-rate=5M pcq-total-limit=2000000
add name=pcq-upload kind=pcq pcq-classifier=src-address pcq-rate=2M pcq-total-limit=2000000

    Step 3.2: Create a Simple Queue Using PCQ

    /queue simple add name="LAN Bandwidth Limit" target=192.168.88.0/24 \
 queue=pcq-upload/pcq-download max-limit=10M/10M

    This evenly distributes the 10 Mbps connection among all users in the subnet.

    ✅ Step 4: Use Queue Trees

    We use the Queue Trees for Advanced Bandwidth Management (Optional). Queue Trees are better for upload/download separation and multiple bandwidth classes on your MikroTik Router.

    Step 4.1: Mark Traffic in Mangle

    /ip firewall mangle
add chain=forward src-address=192.168.88.0/24 action=mark-packet new-packet-mark=upload passthrough=yes
add chain=forward dst-address=192.168.88.0/24 action=mark-packet new-packet-mark=download passthrough=yes

    Step 4.2: Create Queue Tree Rules

    /queue tree
add name="Upload Limit" parent=ether1 packet-mark=upload queue=pcq-upload max-limit=10M
add name="Download Limit" parent=ether1 packet-mark=download queue=pcq-download max-limit=10M

    Replace ether1 with the correct interface (LAN or WAN, depending on direction).

    ✅ Step 5: Monitor Bandwidth Usage

    • Use Winbox > Queues to see real-time usage.
    • Use Tools > Torch to inspect live traffic per IP, port, and protocol.

    ✅ Step 6: Prioritize Critical Services

    This step is (Optional). You can use priority settings in queues to ensure services like VoIP or Zoom get better bandwidth quality.

    Example:

    /queue simple add name="VoIP Priority" target=192.168.88.50/32 \
 max-limit=1M/1M priority=1

    Managing bandwidth on a MikroTik router is both flexible and powerful. You might want a simple per-user limit. Alternatively, you could seek advanced control using queue trees and packet marking. MikroTik gives you all the tools you need to effectively manage your bandwidth.

    Start with simple queues if you’re new, and move into PCQ or queue trees as your network grows in complexity. With proper bandwidth management, you’ll enjoy a smoother and more reliable internet experience for everyone on your network.

    Mikrotik Ethernet Router Review

    The Mikrotik CCR2004-16G-2S+PC is a high-performance Ethernet router designed for enterprise-level networking. Mikrotik manufactures this product. They are a well-known name in the networking industry. This product is categorized as an Ethernet router. It is intended for use in medium to large networks that require robust and reliable connectivity.

    Appearance and Design

    The CCR2004-16G-2S+PC features a sleek, modern design that is both functional and aesthetically pleasing. The router is housed in a sturdy metal chassis, ensuring durability while providing efficient heat dissipation. The front panel showcases 16 Gigabit Ethernet ports and 2 SFP+ cages, designed for easy access and organization.

    The LED indicators are well-placed, allowing for quick status checks of the device’s operation. Its rack-mountable design makes it ideal for integration into server racks or network cabinets, further enhancing its professional appearance.

    Key Features and Specifications

    • 16x Gigabit Ethernet Ports: Provides ample connectivity options for various devices.
    • 2x 10G SFP+ Cages: Allows for high-speed fiber connections, enhancing network performance.
    • Powerful CPU: Equipped with a 4-core processor for efficient multitasking and data handling.
    • RouterOS Support: Utilizes Mikrotik’s RouterOS, offering advanced routing features and configurations.
    • Advanced Cooling System: Designed for optimal thermal management to ensure reliability under heavy loads.

    User Experience

    In various scenarios, the Mikrotik CCR2004-16G-2S+PC has proven its versatility and power. Setting up the router was straightforward, thanks to the intuitive RouterOS interface. Connecting multiple devices was seamless, with no noticeable lag or connectivity issues. In a typical office environment, the router managed to handle heavy data loads. It efficiently supported video conferencing. Large file transfers and streaming services were handled without breaking a sweat.

    When tested in a home setting with multiple smart devices, the router maintained a strong and stable connection. It showcased its capability to support high bandwidth usage. The SFP+ cages were particularly beneficial for users who want to integrate fiber optics into their networks. This integration allows for future-proofing as network demands grow.

    Pros and Cons

    Pros

    • High performance with 16 Gigabit ports and 2 SFP+ cages.
    • Durable and professional design suitable for various environments.
    • RouterOS provides extensive features for advanced users.
    • Efficient cooling system, ensuring reliability during operation.

    Cons

    • Initial setup may be daunting for users unfamiliar with RouterOS.
    • Higher price point compared to basic home routers.
    • Limited documentation may require additional research for advanced configurations.

    Conclusion

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    The Mikrotik CCR2004-16G-2S+PC Ethernet router is a powerful choice for businesses. It is also a reliable option for tech-savvy individuals needing robust networking solutions. Its performance is impressive. The extensive features and professional design make it a solid investment for anyone looking to enhance their network.

    While it may come with a learning curve for beginners, it provides excellent value for the price. The benefits far outweigh the challenges. Recommended for those seeking a high-capacity router that can grow with their networking needs.

  • How to Control Traffic with MikroTik Firewall

    How to Control Traffic with MikroTik Firewall

    MikroTik routers running RouterOS provide powerful firewall features to control network traffic. You’re securing your LAN, limiting external access, or managing bandwidth usage. It is essential to know how to allow traffic. It is also important to learn how to drop or reject traffic based on IP address, port, and protocol.

    Steps: Controlling Traffic MikroTik Firewall

    This step-by-step guide will walk you through the basic rules to control traffic on your MikroTik device. These are the most commonly used rules for effective traffic control, and you’ll understand how to control MikroTik firewall efficiently.

    ✅ Step 1: Winbox Access MikroTik

    • You can use Winbox, WebFig, or the terminal (CLI) to add rules to your MikroTik firewall control flow.
    • All the steps below can be entered directly into the terminal or configured through the GUI.

    ✅ Step 2: Allow Traffic from Specific IP

    Example: Allow traffic from 192.168.1.100 to any service. This step is crucial to utilize control over the MikroTik firewall effectively.

    /ip firewall filter add chain=input src-address=192.168.1.100 action=accept comment="Allow IP 192.168.1.100"

    ✅ Step 3: Allow Traffic Specific Port

    Example: Allow TCP traffic on port 80 (HTTP). Adding such rules helps in controlling the MikroTik firewall.

    /ip firewall filter add chain=input protocol=tcp dst-port=80 action=accept comment="Allow HTTP traffic"

    For UDP: Control effort in setting up your MikroTik firewall includes configuring rules like these.

    /ip firewall filter add chain=input protocol=udp dst-port=53 action=accept comment="Allow DNS traffic"

    🚫 Step 4: Drop Traffic from Specific IP

    Example: Drop traffic from 203.0.113.45. It’s a key part of controlling MikroTik firewall settings.

    /ip firewall filter add chain=input src-address=203.0.113.45 action=drop comment="Drop traffic from malicious IP"

    🚫 Step 5: Drop Traffic to a Specific Port

    Example: Drop all traffic trying to access port 23 (Telnet). That is a precise method to control traffic on MikroTik firewall.

    /ip firewall filter add chain=input protocol=tcp dst-port=23 action=drop comment="Drop Telnet"

    ❌ Step 6: Reject Traffic with Feedback

    Example: Reject access to port 21 (FTP) with an ICMP message. Efficient implementation is key to controlling MikroTik firewall operation.

    /ip firewall filter add chain=input protocol=tcp dst-port=21 action=reject reject-with=icmp-port-unreachable comment="Reject FTP access"

    Reject vs Drop:

    • Reject sends a response back (e.g., port unreachable), useful for debugging or soft-blocking.
    • Drop silently discards the packet, good for stealth blocking.

    ⚠️ Step 7: Place Rules in Correct Order

    • MikroTik processes firewall rules top to bottom. Gaining control over the MikroTik firewall relies on understanding this processing sequence.
    • Place “accept” rules before “drop” or “reject” for the same traffic type.
    • Use /ip firewall filter print to see rule order and priorities.

    🧹 Step 8: Clean Up Unused or Test Rules

    This step can (Optional) 

    /ip firewall filter remove [find comment="Test Rule"]

    With MikroTik’s firewall filter rules, you have granular control over your network traffic. You need to understand how to work with IP addresses. It’s essential to know how to work with ports and protocols. This knowledge is fundamental.

    Always test your rules in a controlled environment. Regularly review your firewall policies to keep your network secure and efficient. Moreover, controlling the MikroTik firewall effectively ensures continued network security and efficiency.

    MikroTik’s RouterOS is a powerful operating system for network routers, renowned for its robust feature set and granular control. Two of its most critical components for managing network security and traffic are the Firewall and the Proxy server. While both are used to control data flow, they operate at different network layers. They also serve distinct primary purposes.

    The firewall acts as a gatekeeper and traffic cop, enforcing security policies based on IP addresses, ports, and protocols. In contrast, the proxy server acts as an intermediary. It also functions as a caching agent, primarily for web (HTTP/HTTPS) traffic. It offers control over content and potentially improves performance. Understanding their individual functions is key to building a secure and efficient network.

    The Function of Firewall in MikroTik

    The firewall is your network’s primary line of defense. It operates at the network layer of the OSI model. It also operates at the transport layer. It inspects packets and makes decisions based on rules (filters).

    Its core functions include:

    1. Packet Filtering: This is the fundamental job of a firewall. It examines the header of each packet entering or leaving the network. Based on predefined rules, it accepts, drops, or rejects the packet.
      • Criteria: Rules are built using criteria like source/destination IP address, port number (e.g., port 80 for HTTP, port 22 for SSH), and protocol (e.g., TCP, UDP, ICMP).
      • Example: A rule can block all incoming SSH connection attempts from the internet. It would drop all packets with dst-port=22 coming from the WAN interface.
    2. Network Address Translation (NAT): MikroTik’s firewall handles NAT, which is essential for most networks.
      • Src-NAT (Masquerade): This allows multiple devices on your local network (with private IPs like 192.168.88.xxx) to share the router’s single public IP address to access the internet. It “masquerades” all local traffic as coming from the router itself.
      • Dst-NAT (Port Forwarding): This feature lets you redirect a specific external port. It uses the router’s public IP to route to a port on a specific internal server. For example, forwarding external port 80 to a local web server’s IP on port 80.
    3. Stateful Inspection: This is a crucial advanced feature. A stateful firewall doesn’t just look at individual packets. It tracks the state of active connections. This includes identifying which internal device started a request to a website. It dynamically allows returning traffic for that established connection. This makes rule management more secure. It is simpler than a simplistic “stateless” firewall.
    4. Traffic Flow and Classification (Mangle): The firewall’s “mangle” feature marks packets for special processing. This is not for security but for advanced traffic management, such as:
      • Quality of Service (QoS): Marking certain types of traffic (e.g., VoIP, gaming) for priority treatment.
      • Policy-Based Routing: Forcing specific traffic (e.g., from a particular IP) to use a specific gateway or route.

    The Function of Proxy in MikroTik

    The proxy in MikroTik is primarily a web proxy (caching proxy). It operates at the application layer (Layer 7) for HTTP and HTTPS traffic. It acts as an intermediary for requests from clients seeking resources from servers.

    Its core functions include:

    1. Caching: This is the primary reason to use the proxy. It stores (caches) frequently accessed web pages, images, and files locally on the router’s storage.
      • Benefit: When a second user requests the same content, the proxy serves it from the local cache. It doesn’t fetch from the internet again. This reduces bandwidth usage and speeds up web browsing for users.
    2. Content Filtering and Access Control: Because it understands HTTP, the proxy can make filtering decisions based on website content.
      • URL Filtering: You can create blacklists (block specific websites) or whitelists (only allow specific websites).
      • Domain Filtering: Block access to entire domains.
      • Keyword Filtering: Block pages that contain specific words in their URL.
    3. Bandwidth Management: You can apply speed limits for HTTP traffic through the proxy. This allows for basic per-user or global HTTP bandwidth control.
    4. Authentication: The proxy can require users to authenticate. They may need to log in with a username and password. Only then are they allowed to browse the web. This is useful for public hotspots or corporate networks to identify users.

    Important Note on HTTPS: Modern web traffic is largely encrypted (HTTPS). A basic web proxy cannot see or cache the content of HTTPS connections. It can do so only if it acts as a man-in-the-middle. This requires installing a custom certificate on every client device. This is complex to set up. It has security and privacy implications. Many administrators use the proxy primarily for HTTP. They use the firewall for general access control.

    Conclusion

    In summary, the Firewall and Proxy in MikroTik serve complementary but distinct roles in network management. The Firewall is your indispensable, high-performance security guard, controlling all traffic based on IPs, ports, and connection states. It is essential for every MikroTik setup to protect the network from external threats and manage NAT.

    The Proxy, on the other hand, is a specialized application-layer tool focused on web traffic. Its main value lies in caching to save bandwidth and accelerate browsing, and in performing content-based filtering. For most small office or home setups, a well-configured firewall is sufficient. The proxy becomes more relevant in environments with many users. In these environments, web caching provides a tangible benefit. Detailed HTTP-specific logging and filtering are also required. Ultimately, using them in tandem provides a comprehensive solution for both robust security and efficient web traffic management.

  • How to protect against brute-force attacks on a Mikrotik router

    How to protect against brute-force attacks on a Mikrotik router

    MikroTik routers are widely used in home, business, and ISP networks due to their flexibility and powerful RouterOS features. However, like any network device exposed to the internet, they can become targets of DoS (Denial of Service) attacks. They can also be vulnerable to brute-force login attempts. It is crucial to protect against brute-force attacks to safeguard your network security.

    Tips: Protect Against DoS on MikroTik

    These attacks can overwhelm your network or compromise your router’s security by repeatedly guessing credentials. Fortunately, MikroTik offers several tools and techniques to help detect and mitigate these threats. By applying security measures, you can protect your MikroTik against brute-force attacks and safeguard your network.

    1. Limit Access to Winbox, Web, and SSH

    • Restrict management access to trusted IP addresses only: /ip service set winbox address=YOUR-IP-ADDRESS/32 /ip service set www address=YOUR-IP-ADDRESS/32 /ip service set ssh address=YOUR-IP-ADDRESS/32

    2. Enable Connection Limits

    • Drop suspicious connections with too many requests: /ip firewall filter add chain=input protocol=tcp connection-limit=30,32 action=drop

    3. Drop Invalid Packets

    /ip firewall filter add chain=input connection-state=invalid action=drop

    4. Block Port Scanning

    /ip firewall filter add chain=input protocol=tcp psd=21,3s,3,1 action=add-src-to-address-list address-list=port_scanners address-list-timeout=1d
/ip firewall filter add chain=input src-address-list=port_scanners action=drop

    5. Dynamic Address Lists

    • Automatically block IPs behaving suspiciously.

    6. SYN Flood Protection

    /ip firewall filter add chain=input protocol=tcp tcp-flags=syn connection-limit=100,32 action=drop

    7. Rate-Limit ICMP Requests

    /ip firewall filter add chain=input protocol=icmp limit=5,10 action=accept
/ip firewall filter add chain=input protocol=icmp action=drop

    8. Careful Use of FastTrack

    • Temporarily disable FastTrack during attacks to enforce firewall rules.

    9. Keep RouterOS Updated

    • Stay current with MikroTik’s firmware and security patches.

    10. Monitor Logs and Network Behavior

    • Use MikroTik’s tools like Torch or Log Viewer to monitor potential attack attempts.

    Tips: Protect Against Brute-Force on MikroTik

    In addition to DoS, many attackers use brute-force methods to gain access via SSH, Telnet, FTP, or Winbox. Implementing strategies specific to brute-force protection is essential to secure your MikroTik network.

    11. Disable Unused Services

    • Turn off any services you don’t use to reduce attack surfaces: /ip service disable telnet /ip service disable ftp /ip service disable www /ip service disable api

    12. Use Strong Passwords and Change Default Username

    • Create a strong password and disable or rename the default “admin” account. This is crucial to protect against brute-force attacks on your MikroTik: /user add name=secureadmin group=full password=STRONGPASS /user remove admin

    13. Block Repeated Login Failures Using Address Lists

    • Dynamically detect and block IPs attempting multiple failed logins: /system logging add topics=login action=memory

    Then create firewall rules like:

    /ip firewall filter add chain=input protocol=tcp dst-port=22,8291,21,23 \
  src-address-list=brute_blacklist action=drop

/ip firewall filter add chain=input protocol=tcp dst-port=22,8291,21,23 \
  src-address-list=brute_stage2 action=add-src-to-address-list \
  address-list=brute_blacklist address-list-timeout=1d

/ip firewall filter add chain=input protocol=tcp dst-port=22,8291,21,23 \
  src-address-list=brute_stage1 action=add-src-to-address-list \
  address-list=brute_stage2 address-list-timeout=1h

/ip firewall filter add chain=input protocol=tcp dst-port=22,8291,21,23 \
  action=add-src-to-address-list address-list=brute_stage1 address-list-timeout=15m

    This logic tracks IPs trying multiple logins in short intervals and gradually escalates the block duration.

    14. Use Port Knocking or VPN for Remote Management

    • Hide or close ports completely. Open them only using port knocking. Access your router exclusively via a secure VPN.

    Securing your MikroTik router from DoS and brute-force attacks is crucial for maintaining a stable and secure network. By properly configuring firewall rules, you can greatly reduce the chances of an attack succeeding.

    Protect against brute-force attacks on MikroTik devices by restricting management access, too. Use dynamic protections like address lists. Regular monitoring, firmware updates, and enforcing strong login practices complete a solid security posture. MikroTik gives you the tools—you just need to apply them smartly.

    In today’s interconnected world, cybersecurity threats are everywhere — especially for networks, websites, and systems exposed to the internet. Two common types of attacks that organizations and individuals face are DoS (Denial of Service) attacks and Brute-Force attacks. These attacks serve different purposes. They also use different methods. However, both can seriously impact your network, devices, or services if left unprotected. Understanding these attack types is crucial for defending your systems effectively.

    1. What is DoS (Denial of Service) Attack?

    🛑 Definition:

    A DoS attack occurs when an attacker attempts to overwhelm a network, server, or device. This could be a router or website. The attacker floods it with a massive amount of traffic or requests. This action causes the system to slow down or crash.

    📌 Purpose:

    • To disrupt services and make them unavailable to legitimate users.
    • Often used to take down websites, online services, or networked devices.

    🔧 How It Works:

    • The attacker sends a large volume of traffic (e.g., pings, HTTP requests) to the target.
    • The system cannot handle the overload, causing performance issues or complete failure.

    🔥 Common Types of DoS:

    • SYN Flood
    • UDP Flood
    • ICMP (Ping) Flood
    • HTTP Flood

    ⚠️ Impact:

    • Website downtime
    • Network slowdowns
    • Service interruption
    • Business or financial losses

    2. What is a Brute-Force Attack?

    🔓 Definition:

    A Brute-Force attack occurs when an attacker attempts to guess a username and password. They try every possible combination. This continues until they obtain the correct one.

    📌 Purpose:

    • To gain unauthorized access to accounts, devices, or systems.
    • Common targets: admin panels, SSH servers, Wi-Fi networks, email accounts.

    🔧 How It Works:

    • The attacker uses a script or automated tool to try thousands (or millions) of password combinations.
    • Weak or common passwords are cracked quickly.
    • Once access is gained, the attacker can steal data, install malware, or take over the system.

    🔐 Types of Brute-Force Attacks:

    • Simple brute-force: Trying all combinations (e.g., 123456, password).
    • Dictionary attack: Tries known passwords from a list.
    • Credential stuffing: Uses leaked usernames/passwords from previous breaches.

    ⚠️ Impact:

    • Unauthorized access to sensitive data
    • Account hijacking
    • System compromise
    • Data theft or manipulation

    Key Differences: DoS vs Brute-Force

    FeatureDoS AttackBrute-Force Attack
    GoalDisrupt service / crash systemGain unauthorized access
    MethodFlooding with trafficTrying many passwords/logins
    ImpactMakes services unavailableCompromises accounts or devices
    DetectionHigh CPU usage, slowdowns, system failureFailed login attempts, locked accounts
    Prevention ToolsFirewalls, traffic filters, rate limitingStrong passwords, login attempt limits, 2FA

    Conclusion

    Both DoS and Brute-Force attacks are serious cyber threats, but they serve very different purposes. A DoS attack aims to disrupt or disable your service. A Brute-Force attack tries to break into your system by guessing credentials. Understanding these attacks helps you better secure your network.

    You can use appropriate defense measures, such as firewalls, rate limiting, account lockouts, and multi-factor authentication. The key to protection is preparation. By identifying vulnerabilities early, you can apply smart security practices. This way, you can prevent both types of attacks from compromising your system.

  • How to protect against DoS on a Mikrotik router

    How to protect against DoS on a Mikrotik router

    MikroTik routers are widely used in home, business, and ISP networks due to their flexibility and powerful RouterOS features. However, like any network device exposed to the internet, they can become targets of DoS (Denial of Service) attacks.

    Protect Against DoS on MikroTik Router

    These attacks can slow down or completely knock out your network by overwhelming the router with traffic. Fortunately, MikroTik offers several tools and techniques to help detect and mitigate these threats. Here’s how you can protect your MikroTik router from DoS attacks effectively.

    1. Limit Access to Winbox, Web, and SSH

    • Restrict management access to known IPs only: /ip service set winbox address=YOUR-IP-ADDRESS/32 /ip service set www address=YOUR-IP-ADDRESS/32 /ip service set ssh address=YOUR-IP-ADDRESS/32
    • Alternatively, block public access entirely and manage the router from within a VPN.

    2. Enable Connection Limits

    • Limit the number of connections per IP to avoid abusive behavior: /ip firewall filter add chain=input protocol=tcp connection-limit=30,32 action=drop

    3. Use Firewall Rules Drop Invalid Traffic

    • Filter out malformed or suspicious packets: /ip firewall filter add chain=input connection-state=invalid action=drop

    4. Block Port Scanning and Attack Ports

    • Add rules to detect and block port scanners: /ip firewall filter add chain=input protocol=tcp psd=21,3s,3,1 action=add-src-to-address-list address-list=port_scanners address-list-timeout=1d /ip firewall filter add chain=input src-address-list=port_scanners action=drop

    5. Use Address Lists and Dynamic Blacklist

    • Create dynamic address lists that block IPs based on behavior (e.g., too many connections, invalid login attempts).
    • These lists automatically expire, so they’re less likely to block legitimate users permanently.

    6. Enable SYN Flood Protection

    • Drop excessive TCP SYN packets to prevent SYN flood: /ip firewall filter add chain=input protocol=tcp tcp-flags=syn connection-limit=100,32 action=drop

    7. Rate-Limit ICMP (Ping) Requests

    • Prevent ping floods: /ip firewall filter add chain=input protocol=icmp limit=5,10 action=accept /ip firewall filter add chain=input protocol=icmp action=drop

    8. Use FastTrack Carefully

    • While FastTrack improves performance, it can bypass firewall inspection. Ensure it’s configured correctly or disable it during attacks.

    9. Regularly Update RouterOS

    • Keep your MikroTik firmware and RouterOS updated to patch vulnerabilities.

    10. Monitor Logs and Traffic

    • Use tools like Torch, Traffic Flow, or external monitoring solutions to watch for unusual spikes or patterns.

    Protecting your MikroTik router from DoS attacks is a critical step in ensuring network stability and uptime. By leveraging the powerful firewall features of RouterOS, you can effectively mitigate most common DoS threats. Limiting access and monitoring traffic are crucial strategies, too. Security isn’t a one-time setup—keep reviewing and adjusting your rules as your network evolves. With these tips, you’ll be much better equipped to defend your infrastructure against disruptive attacks.

    A DoS (Denial of Service) attack is a type of cyberattack. The attacker floods a device—like your MikroTik router—with excessive traffic or malicious data. This action overwhelms the device, causing it to slow down. It may malfunction or crash completely. MikroTik routers, while powerful and widely used, can become prime targets for such attacks if not properly secured.

    What Happens if have DoS Attack

    Understanding what happens during a DoS attack is essential to recognizing the signs early and defending your network effectively.

    1. Network Slows Down or Becomes Unresponsive

    • The router receives large volumes of unwanted traffic, using up its processing power and bandwidth.
    • This causes legitimate users on your network to experience sluggish internet, timeouts, or complete disconnection.

    🚫 Normal traffic gets drowned in the flood of attack packets.

    2. Router CPU Usage Spikes

    • DoS attacks overwhelm the router’s CPU and memory, forcing it to process thousands of useless packets.
    • In MikroTik’s Winbox or WebFig, you might see 100% CPU usage. This can occur even when little or no legitimate traffic is present.

    💡 High CPU load is one of the most common symptoms of a DoS attack.

    3. Frequent Reboots or Router Crashes

    • If the attack is severe, the router may crash or reboot frequently, especially if system resources are exhausted.
    • Some MikroTik routers can even freeze completely, requiring a manual power cycle to recover.

    🛑 This leads to major service interruptions and loss of availability.

    4. Log Files Show Suspicious Traffic or Flooding

    • You may notice unusual patterns in your MikroTik logs:
      • Sudden spikes in ICMP (ping) requests
      • SYN floods (incomplete TCP handshakes)
      • UDP floods to open or closed ports
    • These are tell-tale signs of a DoS attempt.

    📘 Checking logs helps verify that the traffic is malicious, not just heavy usage.

    5. Router May Get Exploited if Not Patched

    • MikroTik devices with outdated firmware can be more vulnerable.
    • Some attackers may combine DoS with exploitation attempts to inject malware or gain access.

    🔐 Always keep RouterOS updated to avoid known vulnerabilities being used in attacks.

    6. Internet Access Becomes Unreliable or Inaccessible

    • DNS resolution may fail.
    • Users may not be able to access external websites.
    • VOIP, video conferencing, and online gaming are severely affected.

    🌐 This is usually how most users first notice something is wrong.

    Conclusion

    If your MikroTik router is under a DoS attack, your entire network can become slow, unstable, or even unusable. The router’s CPU and memory are overwhelmed, leading to high latency, loss of connectivity, and possible crashes. Worse yet, unpatched routers can become compromised during or after such attacks.

    To defend against this, it’s critical to:

    • Keep RouterOS updated
    • Set up firewall rules to block or limit traffic
    • Enable connection tracking and use traffic filters
    • Consider using upstream protections (e.g., from your ISP or a service like Cloudflare for servers)

    Being proactive is the key. Understanding the impact of a DoS attack helps you recognize the warning signs early. You can then implement strong defenses to protect your network infrastructure.

  • How to Fix the Mod_Security Error: “An Appropriate”

    How to Fix the Mod_Security Error: “An Appropriate”

    🔐 How to Fix the Mod_Security Error: “An Appropriate Representation of the Requested Resource Could Not Be Found on This Server”

    If you’ve come across the error message:

    “An appropriate representation of the requested resource could not be found on this server. This error was generated by Mod_Security.”

    —You’re likely dealing with a web application firewall (WAF) issue. This message is triggered by Mod_Security. It is a common yet frustrating obstacle when trying to load a website. It can also be frustrating when attempting to submit a form. Mod_Security is a security module installed on many Apache web servers to block potentially malicious requests. However, sometimes it becomes overprotective and blocks legitimate requests, too.

    Here’s a step-by-step guide to understand, diagnose, and fix this error.

    🔧 What Causes the Mod_Security Error?

    Mod_Security acts like a security guard at the entrance of a web server. It scans all incoming requests for patterns that resemble known attacks (like SQL injection, cross-site scripting, etc.). If a request seems suspicious—even if it’s safe—it might be blocked.

    Common causes include:

    • Submitting form data with special characters (e.g., <, >, {}, &)
    • URLs that appear suspicious to security rules
    • Plugins (especially on WordPress, Joomla, etc.) triggering rules
    • Overly strict Mod_Security configurations

    🛠️ How to Fix It (Step-by-Step)

    ✅ 1. Reload or Retry the Action

    • First, try reloading the page or repeating the action after clearing your browser cache.
    • If this was a one-time anomaly, the error might not reoccur.

    ✅ 2. Avoid Using Suspicious Input

    • If you are submitting a form or input field, avoid using characters like < and >. Do not use {} or long strings of code/text.
    • Simplify the input and try again.

    ✅ 3. Contact Your Web Host or Admin

    If you own or manage the site:

    • Check your server logs (e.g., Apache error logs) to find the exact Mod_Security rule triggered.
    • Contact your hosting provider or server administrator and:
      • Provide the exact error and what action caused it.
      • Ask them to white list your IP or disable the specific Mod_Security rule being triggered.
      • Do not disable Mod_Security completely unless you have other layers of protection in place.

    If you’re just visiting the site:

    • Contact the site owner or support team and inform them of the issue.
    • Send them the URL and details of what you were trying to do.

    ✅ 4. Adjust Mod_Security Rules

    If you have access to the server configuration: (For Developers and Admins)

    • Locate the Mod_Security configuration file (usually in /etc/httpd/conf.d/mod_security.conf or /usr/local/apache/conf/modsec2.conf).
    • You can temporarily disable a specific rule by using:
    SecRuleRemoveById 123456

    (Replace 123456 with the rule ID from your server logs.)

    • Alternatively, you can disable Mod_Security for a specific URL in .htaccess:
    
    SecFilterEngine Off
    SecFilterScanPOST Off

    ⚠️ Warning: This reduces protection—use with caution and only for trusted areas.

    📍Use Web Application Firewall Proxy

    Optional: If your site frequently runs into false positives:

    • Consider using a cloud-based WAF like Cloudflare, Sucuri, or AWS WAF. These options offer more refined control. They provide less intrusive filtering compared to default Mod_Security setups.

    The Mod_Security error is a sign of a cautious server. The message “An appropriate representation of the requested resource could not be found on this server” shows the server's caution. Your server is cautious. It acts as a precautionary measure. It's a precautionary measure. However, sometimes it's too cautious.

    Fortunately, it's usually fixable by adjusting your input, refining security rules, or contacting your hosting provider. For website owners, understanding how to fine-tune Mod_Security can ensure both robust protection and user-friendly access. If you're repeatedly seeing this issue, especially on your own site, consider better WAF rule management. You might also consult with a sysadmin or security expert.

  • How AI Is Revolutionizing Access to Financial Services

    How AI Is Revolutionizing Access to Financial Services

    Artificial Intelligence (AI) is reshaping the financial landscape, making financial services more accessible, efficient, and personalized. AI is breaking down traditional barriers in areas from credit scoring to customer service. It offers innovative solutions that benefit both consumers and financial institutions.

    📊 Transforming Credit Scoring and Lending

    Traditional credit scoring models often rely on limited data, such as credit history and income, to assess an individual’s creditworthiness. This approach can exclude many potential borrowers, especially those without extensive credit histories. AI is changing this by incorporating alternative data sources. These sources include utility payments, rental history, and even social media activity. This provides a more comprehensive view of an individual’s financial behavior.

    For instance, companies like Upstart are utilizing AI to assess broader data points. This allows them to offer credit to individuals who may have been denied by traditional lenders. This improves financial inclusion. It also helps lenders reduce default rates by as much as 30%, according to Upstart’s internal data.

    💳 Enhancing Lending Processes

    AI is streamlining lending processes by automating underwriting and risk assessment. Machine learning algorithms can analyze vast amounts of data in real-time. This capability enables financial institutions to make quicker and more accurate lending decisions. This automation reduces human error, increases efficiency, and enhances the customer experience by providing faster loan approvals.

    Moreover, AI-driven platforms can continuously monitor borrowers’ financial health, allowing lenders to detect potential issues early and take proactive measures. This dynamic approach to lending helps maintain a healthy loan portfolio and fosters trust between lenders and borrowers.

    🌍 Promoting Financial Inclusion

    AI is playing a crucial role in promoting financial inclusion by providing underserved populations with access to financial services. In many developing regions, traditional banking infrastructure is limited. This limitation makes it difficult for individuals to access credit, savings, and insurance products. AI-powered mobile platforms are bridging this gap. They offer financial services through smartphones. Smartphones are increasingly prevalent even in remote areas.

    These platforms use AI to assess creditworthiness. They provide personalized financial advice. They also offer microloans tailored to the needs of low-income individuals. By leveraging AI, these services can reach a broader audience and empower individuals to improve their financial well-being.

    🧠 Personalizing Financial Services

    AI is enabling financial institutions to offer personalized services that cater to individual needs and preferences. Through data analytics and machine learning, banks and fintech companies can understand customer behavior. They can predict future financial needs. They also provide tailored recommendations.

    AI can suggest budgeting strategies, investment opportunities, or savings plans. These suggestions are based on a customer’s spending habits and financial goals. This level of personalization enhances customer satisfaction and loyalty, as individuals feel that their unique financial situations are being addressed.

    🔐 Strengthening Fraud Detection – Security

    The rise of digital financial services has also led to an increase in cyber threats and fraudulent activities. AI is enhancing security measures by detecting and preventing fraud in real-time. Machine learning algorithms can analyze transaction patterns. They identify anomalies and flag suspicious activities. This capability allows financial institutions to respond swiftly. They can mitigate potential risks effectively.

    Additionally, AI is improving identity verification processes through biometric authentication, such as facial recognition and fingerprint scanning. These technologies provide an added layer of security, ensuring that only authorized individuals can access their financial accounts.

    🏦 Improving Customer Experience

    AI-powered chatbots and virtual assistants are revolutionizing customer service in the financial sector. These AI tools can handle a wide range of customer inquiries. They can check account balances and provide information about loan products. All of this is done without human intervention. This 24/7 availability enhances customer satisfaction and reduces wait times.

    Furthermore, AI can analyze customer interactions to identify pain points. It can also pinpoint areas for improvement. This analysis enables financial institutions to continuously enhance their services. They can address customer needs more effectively.

    ⚠️ Address Challenges – Ethical Considerations

    While AI offers numerous benefits, it also presents challenges that must be addressed to ensure equitable access to financial services. One concern is the potential for algorithmic bias. AI systems may inadvertently discriminate against certain groups due to biased training data. Financial institutions must implement measures to ensure that AI models are fair, transparent, and accountable.

    Data privacy is another critical issue. As AI systems rely on vast amounts of personal data, safeguarding this information is paramount. Financial institutions must comply with data protection regulations and implement robust security protocols to protect customer data.

    🚀 The Future of AI in Finance

    The integration of AI into the financial sector is still in its early stages, and its potential is vast. As technology continues to evolve, AI will likely play an even more significant role in shaping the future of finance. Innovations such as quantum computing may transform how individuals access their finances. Advanced natural language processing technologies can also change financial management. Additionally, decentralized finance (DeFi) platforms offer new ways to manage finances.

    AI could enable real-time, dynamic credit scoring. This system adjusts based on a person’s financial behavior. It provides a more accurate assessment of creditworthiness. Additionally, AI could facilitate the development of personalized financial products that adapt to an individual’s changing needs and circumstances.

    🧭 Conclusion

    AI is revolutionizing access to finance by making financial services more inclusive, efficient, and personalized. AI transforms credit scoring and lending processes. It enhances customer experience and promotes financial inclusion. AI breaks down traditional barriers. It offers innovative solutions that benefit both consumers and financial institutions.

    As AI technology continues to advance, it holds the promise of further democratizing access to financial services. It empowers individuals to take control of their financial futures. However, addressing the challenges and ethical considerations associated with AI is essential. This will ensure that its benefits are realized equitably and responsibly.

    In this rapidly evolving landscape, staying informed about AI developments is crucial for both consumers and industry professionals. Understanding their implications for the financial sector is also essential. Embracing AI’s potential while navigating its challenges will be key to shaping a more inclusive and efficient financial ecosystem.

    Review: Plaud NotePin Voice Recorder

    The Plaud NotePin Voice Recorder is an innovative audio recording device. It is designed for professionals, students, and anyone in need of an efficient notetaking solution. Manufactured by Plaud, this device falls into the category of AI voice recorders. It serves as an intelligent notetaker. It is capable of transcribing and summarizing audio in real-time. With its compact design and advanced AI capabilities, it aims to enhance productivity in lectures, meetings, and brainstorming sessions.

    Product Appearance and Design

    The Plaud NotePin is sleek and ultra-compact, weighing merely 0.59 oz, making it highly portable and convenient for everyday use. It comes in a stylish Cosmic Gray finish, giving it a modern aesthetic. The device can be worn in two modes. You can clip it to your clothing or pin it like a badge. These options allow for hands-free recording. Its minimalist design ensures that it is unobtrusive while being functional, and the magnetic clip adds to its versatility.

    Key Features and Specifications

    • AI Notetaking: Utilizes advanced AI technologies, including GPT-5 and Claude 4.0, for accurate transcriptions and summaries.
    • Multi-Language Support: Supports transcription in 112 languages.
    • Memory Capacity: Comes with 64GB of internal storage for extensive recording needs.
    • Battery Life: Equipped with a 270mAh battery that offers up to 20 hours of continuous recording.
    • One-Press Operation: Easy-to-use interface with a single press to start or stop recording.
    • Privacy Features: Encrypted local data and cloud storage with user authorization for data processing.
    • Complimentary Services: Includes 300 transcription minutes per month and options for Wi-Fi automatic uploads.

    User Experience Scenarios

    In various scenarios, the Plaud NotePin excels as a notetaking device. Users have reported its effectiveness in classroom settings, where it easily captures lectures even when placed in a pocket. The AI functionality aids in generating to-do lists and summarizing discussions, proving to be a valuable tool for productivity. Many users appreciate how easy it is to access notes without fumbling with smartphones. The device is always available for immediate use.

    Some users have faced technical issues. These include unintended recordings and problems with the software. These issues required customer support intervention. While the device’s performance in general is commendable, these issues highlight potential areas for improvement in reliability.

    Pros and Cons

    Pros

    • Compact and lightweight design.
    • Long battery life with up to 20 hours of continuous recording.
    • Advanced AI capabilities for transcription and summarization.
    • Supports multiple languages, enhancing usability for non-native speakers.
    • Privacy-focused features ensure user data security.

    Cons

    • Lack of RAW audio recording options, limiting audio quality.
    • Some users reported software bugs and reliability issues.
    • Does not include additional accessories like a wristband or necklace, which some may expect.

    [content-egg-block template=offers_list_groups]

    The Plaud NotePin Voice Recorder is a remarkable tool. It is perfect for anyone seeking an efficient way to capture and organize their thoughts. It combines advanced AI technology, portability, and ease of use. This makes it stand out in the crowded market of voice recorders. There are minor drawbacks, such as the lack of RAW audio recording options.

    There are also occasional software issues. However, the productivity and convenience benefits heavily outweigh the negatives. I recommend this device to professionals and students. It is an effective notetaking solution that integrates seamlessly into their daily routines.

  • Turn Notes into AI Podcasts with Google’s NotebookLM

    Turn Notes into AI Podcasts with Google’s NotebookLM

    Google is advancing AI-driven productivity. The latest update to NotebookLM demonstrates this. It’s their experimental note-taking and summarization tool. NotebookLM was originally a project from Google Labs. It was designed to help users interact with their documents using an AI model trained on their content. Now, it’s taken a major leap forward. Users can share their notebooks publicly. Even better, they can generate and distribute AI-powered podcast-style summaries of their notes.

    This new feature transforms NotebookLM from a private research tool into a collaborative and content-sharing platform. It is perfect for educators, students, writers, and content creators. Let’s break down what’s new, how it works, and why it matters.

    🧠 What Is NotebookLM?

    NotebookLM (short for “Language Model”) is a note-taking tool powered by Google’s advanced AI models. Unlike traditional note apps, NotebookLM lets you upload and summarize documents. You can also ask contextual questions. Additionally, it creates knowledge overviews, all powered by AI. Think of it as a research assistant that’s been trained exclusively on your materials.

    NotebookLM was initially focused on private use. It worked best when users uploaded documents like PDFs. It also handled research notes, articles, or transcripts efficiently. The AI would then summarize, extract key points, and even generate outlines or quiz questions based on your notes.

    🌐 What’s New: AI Podcasts

    In June 2025, Google rolled out a major update to NotebookLM that includes two headline features:

    ✅ 1. Publicly Shareable Notebooks

    Users can now share their notebooks with others using a unique link. This means:

    • Collaborators, classmates, or clients can view your notes and summaries.
    • There’s no need to download or install anything—everything is available via a browser.
    • You control what content gets shared and can revoke access at any time.

    This is ideal for group projects, teachers distributing learning resources, or creators sharing research notes with their audience.

    🎧 2. AI-Generated Podcasts (Audio)

    Perhaps the most exciting feature: NotebookLM can now turn your notes into a podcast-style audio overview, generated entirely by AI.

    Here’s how it works:

    • After uploading or writing your content, you can choose to generate an AI conversation summarizing key points.
    • This summary is converted into audio, with natural-sounding voices playing the role of a host and co-host discussing your material.
    • You can then share this AI podcast via a public link, much like a YouTube video or SoundCloud track.

    This feature is particularly powerful for:

    • Students reviewing material in audio form
    • Content creators transforming written insights into engaging spoken formats
    • Teams who prefer listening over reading for updates or briefings

    🚀 Why This Matters

    These updates represent a shift in how we interact with AI-generated content. Here’s why NotebookLM’s new capabilities stand out:

    🗣️ Passive Reading to Engaged Listening

    By converting summaries into podcast-style discussions, NotebookLM makes learning more dynamic. It’s no longer just about scanning bullet points—it’s about hearing a thoughtful, conversational breakdown of the material.

    🌍 Knowledge Sharing Made Simple

    With public notebooks, it’s easier than ever to disseminate information. Whether you’re a teacher, a researcher, or a creator, you can now share detailed insights. These insights are organized by AI, making them easy for others to understand and consume.

    🧩 Custom Context for Better Accuracy

    Unlike generic AI tools that work from the open internet, NotebookLM is trained specifically on your documents. This ensures that the generated podcast or summary reflects your actual content, with fewer hallucinations or irrelevant answers.

    🧾 Use Cases

    Here are a few real-world examples of how people might use the new NotebookLM:

    • 📚 Teachers: Summarize course materials and share a podcast version with students.
    • 🎙️ Podcasters: Use it to generate quick scripts or episode ideas from research notes.
    • 🧑‍🎓 Students: Create study guides and listen to summaries while on the go.
    • 💼 Teams: Share meeting notes or strategy documents in a more engaging audio format.

    Google’s latest NotebookLM updates mark a major evolution in how we create, share, and interact with information. With public notebook sharing, users are no longer limited to static note-taking. AI-powered podcast summaries allow them to turn research into collaborative, engaging content with just a few clicks.

    Whether you’re an educator or a content creator, NotebookLM’s new features offer a fresh way to connect with AI. If you love smart productivity tools, you can communicate and create with AI in innovative ways. The line between AI tools and human creativity continues to blur. NotebookLM demonstrates how AI can be a powerful partner in how we learn. It also aids in how we share knowledge.

    Podbox: AI-Powered Podcast Generator

    The Podbox is an innovative smart speaker designed to revolutionize the way we consume information through podcasts. A team of experts manufactures Podbox. They harness the latest advancements in AI technology. Podbox allows users to create custom podcasts on any topic of interest. This device targets individuals seeking to stay informed while enjoying a clutter-free and straightforward experience.

    Podbox falls under the category of smart speakers, but it distinguishes itself by focusing solely on podcast generation. With a simple press of a button, users can access a personalized podcast featuring the most recent news and information. The device is engineered to filter out unreliable sources, providing content that is not only engaging but also trustworthy.

    Design and Aesthetic

    The Podbox boasts a sleek and modern design, blending seamlessly with any home decor. It is compact and lightweight. This makes it easy to place in various settings—from a kitchen counter to a living room shelf. The materials used are durable yet aesthetically pleasing, with a minimalist interface that includes a single button for operation. This design choice enhances usability, particularly for seniors or those who may find technology overwhelming.

    Key Features

    • AI-Powered: Utilizes advanced language models from OpenAI, Gemini, and more.
    • Custom Podcast Generation: Create podcasts on any topic, from mainstream to niche.
    • Reliable Information: Core categories like Politics, Health, and Science filtered for trustworthy sources.
    • No Ads or Bias: Designed to eliminate distracting advertisements and partisan content.
    • Clear Audio: High-quality sound output ensures an enjoyable listening experience.

    User Experience

    Using the Podbox is incredibly straightforward. With just one button press, users can select any topic they wish to learn about. A senior user shared an experience. They enjoyed receiving updates on gardening, health, and local news. They were not overwhelmed by unnecessary noise or ads. The personalized content is always current, ensuring that listeners are well-informed.

    Another user highlighted the joy of generating podcasts on diverse topics, such as mountain biking and scientific discoveries in astrophysics. The Podbox is easy to use. The variety of content has made it an invaluable asset in their home. It contributes to a more knowledgeable and engaged lifestyle.

    Pros and Cons

    Pros

    • Simple operation with a single button
    • Access to a broad range of topics, including niche interests
    • Filter ensures reliable and unbiased information
    • High-quality audio experience
    • No distracting ads or political bias

    Cons

    • Limited to podcast format; no other media capabilities
    • Requires a stable internet connection for optimal performance
    • Some users may desire more customization options

    Conclusion

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    Overall, the Podbox stands out as an exceptional tool for anyone looking to stay informed while enjoying tailored podcast content. Its user-friendly design makes it a must-have for individuals of all ages. The commitment to accuracy and reliability is especially important for seniors or those who prefer straightforward technology.

    While it may not offer extensive multimedia capabilities, its focused approach to podcast generation ensures a valuable and enriching experience. I highly recommend the Podbox to anyone seeking a modern, intelligent way to engage with the world around them.

  • Veo 3: Google’s Game-Changer in AI Video Creation

    Veo 3: Google’s Game-Changer in AI Video Creation

    Google’s Veo 3, unveiled at Google I/O 2025, marks a significant leap in AI-driven video generation. Building upon its predecessors, Veo 3 introduces synchronized audio capabilities. These capabilities include dialogue, sound effects, and ambient noise. It also boasts advanced visual generation. This innovation makes Veo 3 a powerful tool. It is designed for content creators, filmmakers, and educators. They can create high-quality videos from simple text or image prompts.

    🎬 What Is Veo 3?

    Veo 3 is Google’s latest text-to-video model developed by DeepMind. It can generate 1080p videos of over a minute in length, incorporating realistic visuals and synchronized audio. Users can craft detailed prompts. They can specify elements like cinematic styles, character actions, and audio cues.

    This allows them to produce videos that align closely with their creative vision. This model excels in understanding natural language and visual semantics, allowing for the generation of coherent and dynamic video content. blog.google

    🔊 Key Features of Veo 3

    • Synchronized Audio: Unlike previous versions, Veo 3 generates not only visuals but also synchronized audio. This includes dialogue, sound effects, and ambient noise. These features enhance the realism of the generated videos. (Wikipedia)
    • High-Quality Video Generation: Veo 3 produces 1080p videos. These videos maintain consistent characters, objects, and scenes across frames. This ensures a coherent narrative flow.
    • Advanced Prompt Interpretation: The model comprehends detailed prompts. It interprets nuances in tone and style. Additionally, it can generate content in various cinematic styles, such as timelapses or aerial shots.
    • Integration with Gemini: Veo 3 is integrated with Google’s Gemini platform. This integration allows for enhanced creative control. It also provides accessibility through tools like VideoFX and Gemini App.

    🌐 Availability and Access

    As of May 2025, Veo 3 is available to select users via VideoFX and the Gemini App. Full access requires a Google AI Ultra subscription, and the service is currently limited to users in the U.S. Google has announced plans to expand availability to 71 new countries. These countries include Vietnam as part of a global rollout.

    💬 Community Reactions

    The introduction of Veo 3 has sparked discussions regarding its impact on the creative industry. Many praise the tool’s capabilities in simplifying video production. However, others express concerns about its potential to disrupt traditional filmmaking roles. These roles include actors, directors, and cinematographers. The debate centers around balancing technological advancements with the preservation of human creativity in the arts. (The Times of India)

    🔮 Looking Ahead

    Veo 3 is a significant advancement in generative AI. It offers creators a powerful tool to bring their visions to life with unprecedented ease. It also provides remarkable fidelity. As Google continues to refine and expand the capabilities of Veo 3, it holds the potential to revolutionize various fields. These fields range from filmmaking and education to marketing and beyond. The ongoing developments and integrations with platforms like Gemini and VideoFX suggest a promising future. AI-driven content creation will become an integral part of the creative process.

    Veo 3 stands at the forefront of AI-driven video generation. It offers a blend of advanced technology and creative flexibility. It generates synchronized audio and high-quality visuals from simple prompts. This feature opens new avenues for content creation. It makes Veo 3 an invaluable tool for creators worldwide. As the technology evolves, we will observe how Veo 3 influences digital content creation. It will shape the landscape significantly.

    Review: Chameleon AI Auto Action Camera

    The Chameleon AI Auto Sports Action Camera is a cutting-edge device. It is designed by XbotGo and tailored for sports enthusiasts. The camera is also perfect for coaches and parents. This innovative camera captures high-quality action footage in 4K at 60 frames per second. It is perfect for live streaming. It is also great for recording team sports like soccer and basketball. No subscription is required. It is compatible with both iOS and Android devices. This presents a user-friendly solution for anyone looking to elevate their sports filming experience.

    Appearance and Design

    The Chameleon AI Auto Sports Action Camera features a sleek and modern design, available in an attractive Lava Graphite color. The materials used in its construction feel durable and high-quality, giving it a professional look and feel. Unique design elements include a 120° ultra-wide-angle AI lens. A compact form factor enhances portability. This makes it easy to transport to various sporting events. The camera’s aesthetic is not only visually appealing but also functional, allowing for 360° panoramic tracking.

    Key Features and Specifications

    • 4K Video Quality at 60FPS
    • Automatic Sports Tracking for Over 20 Sports
    • xbotVision AI 2.0 Algorithm for Precision Tracking
    • AI-Assisted Auto-Editing and Live Streaming
    • 360° Panoramic Tracking with a 120° Ultra-Wide-Angle Lens
    • Intuitive Control via Bluetooth Remote and Apple Watch Integration
    • No Subscription Required for Live Streaming
    • Portable Design with Impressive Battery Life

    User Experience

    Using the Chameleon AI Auto Sports Action Camera has been a transformative experience for many users. The AI tracking feature is highly responsive and accurately follows the action, making it perfect for fast-paced sports. During tests with soccer and basketball, the camera maintained flawless tracking, capturing every key moment with remarkable clarity. The live streaming setup is straightforward, allowing users to share their games seamlessly with friends and family.

    However, some users noted a learning curve associated with the camera’s functionality, particularly with the instructional materials provided. While the features are extensive, the manual lacks clarity on operation specifics, leading to some initial confusion. Nevertheless, once the learning phase is over, users have reported a high satisfaction rate with the camera’s performance.

    Pros and Cons

    Pros:

    • Outstanding 4K video quality at 60FPS
    • Exceptional AI tracking for various sports
    • No subscription fees for live streaming
    • Portable and user-friendly design
    • Intuitive controls and accessories enhance usability

    Cons:

    • Initial learning curve for new users
    • Instruction materials could be more detailed and user-friendly
    • Occasional lag in tracking reported by some users

    Conclusion

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    The Chameleon AI Auto Sports Action Camera is an impressive device. It delivers on its promises of high-quality video capture. It also features AI-powered tracking. Its sleek design stands out. The camera’s robust performance features add value. It is a valuable tool for anyone involved in sports. This includes coaching, personal use, or sharing with family.

    While there are some areas for improvement, particularly in user instructions, the camera’s benefits far outweigh its drawbacks. For those looking to enhance their sports recording experience, the Chameleon is indeed a worthwhile investment.